A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa

Abstract

Oblate seed beads excavated on Mapungubwe hill, an Iron Age site in South Africa, were analyzed using raman microscopy and supportive techniques to determine the glass technology and pigments used to produce the beads. Corrosion of the black beads was also investigated and an organic phase detected on the beads, which might influence the corrosion process. This detailed profile of the glass technology used to produce the Mapungubwe oblates might eventually help to determine their provenance.