Pastoralists, travellers, and miners in the Atbai Desert (Sudan) : surveys and excavations at Khor Rafit

dc.contributor.authorCooper, Julien
dc.contributor.authorWhiting, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorCzyżewska-Zalewska, Ewa
dc.contributor.authorRammutloa, Kefilwe
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-06T10:33:59Z
dc.date.available2026-02-06T10:33:59Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstractABSTRACT : Owing to the remote terrain and difficulty of logistics, archaeological investigations of the Atbai Desert of Eastern Sudan are in their infancy. As part of a larger project aimed at surveying and documenting sites at threat from modern gold mining, in 2019 the Atbai Survey Project investigated the site of Khor Rafit, a multi-period site with importance both to ancient nomadic groups and foreign urban states (Rome, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate, Nubia) that were involved in gold extraction there. Surveys and excavations at the site revealed extensive gold-mining operations and a large cemetery exhibiting the burials of local pastoralist nomads, as well as Neolithic burials and rock-art sites. The local archaeology bears witness to the as yet unexplored interactions between nomads and foreigners in the gold mines of the Atbai Desert. Moreover, Khor Rafit was a vital watering station and strategic stopping-point on the long-distance trade route known as the Korosko Road, an important desert bypath shortening the route between Lower and Upper Nubia. With ongoing destruction at such sites from unregulated gold mining, archaeological operations at Khor Rafit and other sites in the Atbai should be conducted with urgency.
dc.description.abstract RÉSUMÉ : En raison du terrain isolé et des difficultés logistiques, les recherches archéologiques dans le désert de l’Atbai à l’est du Soudan en sont encore à leurs tout débuts. Dans le cadre d’un projet plus vaste visant à recenser et documenter les sites menacés par l’exploitation minière moderne de l’or, le projet de prospection de l’Atbai a étudié en 2019 le site de Khor Rafit. Il s’agit d’un site multi-période de grande importance pour les anciens groupes nomades ainsi que pour les états urbains étrangers (Rome, le Califat arabo-islamique, la Nubie) impliqués dans l’extraction de l’or. Les prospections et les fouilles menées sur le site ont révélé d’importantes opérations minières aurifères, un grand cimetière contenant les sépultures de pasteurs nomades locaux, des tombes néolithiques et des sites d’art rupestre. L’archéologie locale témoigne d’interactions encore inexplorées entre nomades et étrangers dans les mines d’or du désert de l’Atbai. De plus, Khor Rafit constituait un point d’eau vital et une halte stratégique sur la route commerciale à longue distance connue sous le nom de route de Korosko, une voie désertique importante qui raccourcissait le trajet entre la Basse et la Haute Nubie. Compte tenu de la destruction en cours de tels sites par l’exploitation minière aurifère non réglementée, les opérations archéologiques à Khor Rafit et dans d’autres sites de l’Atbai devraient être menées de toute urgence.
dc.description.departmentAnthropology, Archaeology and Development Studies
dc.description.librarianam2026
dc.description.sdgSDG-15: Life on land
dc.description.sponsorshipFunding for the 2019 Atbai Survey Season was generously provided from the William K. and Marilyn M. Simpson Egyptology Endowment, Yale University. Continued work on this project was made possible by Australian Research Council.
dc.description.urihttp://www.tandfonline.com/journals/raza20
dc.identifier.citationJulien Cooper, Rebecca Whiting, Ewa Czyżewska-Zalewska & Kefilwe Rammutloa (24 Nov 2025): Pastoralists, travellers, and miners in the Atbai Desert (Sudan): surveys and excavations at Khor Rafit, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, DOI: 10.1080/0067270X.2025.2586366.
dc.identifier.issn0067-270X (print)
dc.identifier.issn1945-5534 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1080/0067270X.2025.2586366
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/107934
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherTaylor and Francis
dc.rights© 2025 The Author(s). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
dc.subjectKhor Rafit
dc.subjectArchaeology
dc.subjectSudan
dc.subjectAtbai
dc.subjectGold mining
dc.subjectNomads
dc.titlePastoralists, travellers, and miners in the Atbai Desert (Sudan) : surveys and excavations at Khor Rafit
dc.typeArticle

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